A cable clutch is usually adjusted by a threaded rod which passes through a hole in a plate on the gearbox.
The hole (or could be a slot) is big enough for the rod and inner cable to pass through to the clutch lever arm.. but too small for a washer and nut to pass through. There may be another nut that helps lock the rod to the other side of the plate (so one nut each side), to squeeze the plate from both sides.
The position of this washer and nut(s) determines how much rod can poke through the hole. The more rod pokes through the hole, the "longer" the cable is.
To adjust the cable, you loosen off both nuts (or usually just the one behind the plate, nearest to the gearbox) and then screw the other nut "in" to shorten the cable (less rod pokes through the hole). When the clutch pedal starts to bite about 1/3 of the way off the floor, the cable is adjusted, so you can tighten up the nut, to hold it at the correct length, then pinch the second nut on the reverse side, to stop it unscrewing.
Some cables fit into a rubber grommet and are held in place just by the tension on the cable... but those will have a nut and locknut on the clutch release arm that follows the same principle.
Ralf S.