There are different exhaust emissions that can be measured.
The one that is frequently quoted (and used to punish us) is CO2 (aka Carbon Dioxide and harmless to humans - it's even used to carbonate drinks! plus humans and animals exhale c. 4% more CO2 than inhaled!!).
OP's mention of 100g/100km sounds like a CO2 figure.
What's important to keep in mind is that this is directly related to fuel consumption. So e.g. a car that does 60mpg emits exactly twice as much CO2 as a car that does 30mpg (or the equivalent in litres/km or l/100km, there are conversion factors available if required).
So how do you find the CO2 figures in g/km for an old car such as a Fiat 500?, when there were no such figures released back in the day?
Find a combined/overall figure for mpg of a Fiat 500 from the manufacturer or reputable contemporary road tests e.g. 'The Autocar' magazine.
Now find a modern car which has the same combined/overall mpg figure. This car, having the same mpg, will have a certain CO2 figure. This is the figure that should be applied to the 500 and quoted with the above reasons to the b*********s, I mean officials..... Ask them to prove otherwise!!!!
There's also various other exhaust emissions that can be measured - CO (aka Carbon Monoxide, not good for humans and can be deadly in sufficient concentration.), unburnt hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides etc. These emissions can be high on older cars running on carburettors, which is why fuel injection was introduced quickly followed by catalytic converters and lambda sensors to provide a feedback loop to quickly adjust the fuel-air ratio to control emissions. Don't mention these other emissions to officials....
AL.